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Adherents of the Church of Latter Day Saints believe that the Book of Mormon, first published in 1830 by Joseph Smith, is an English translation of an ancient revealed scripture, apparently written in Hebrew. The Book of Mormon, accordingly, is replete with Hebraisms, that is, reflections of Hebrew idioms or words, which do not suit the translation language, but which are perfectly normal in Biblical Hebrew. Among the Biblical Hebrew features found in the Book of Mormon are the following: Construct state: ‘plates of brass’ instead of ‘brass plates’; ‘works of righteousness’ …

Thanks mostly to the Bible, Hebrew names or variants thereof are known through much of the world. Some of the names found in English Bibles also show up in the Book of Mormon, some Hebrew names found in the Book of Mormon are not in the Bible. A rare peculiarity of Semitic names is the use of the nisbe (gentilic) forms, of which the Book of Mormon, like the Bible, has just a few: Moroni ‘Moronite’ (Words of Mormon 1:1 et passim) from the place-name Moron (Ether 7:5–6); Lamoni (‘Lamanite’) (Alma 17:21 et passim), from Laman, son of Lehi (1 Nephi 2:5 et …

The Book as a Medium 1. The book (from Middle English bok, derived in turn from bohiz, Proto-Germanic for ‘beech,’ or beechwood tablets with rune carvings), for the recording and transmittal of written content, had its forerunners in the high cultures of the ancient East, in various forms and materials: clay tablets in Babylon and Assyria, papyrus, leather, or parchment scrolls (Egyptians, Greeks, Romans), but also stone tablets and metal plates (with or without a wax coating). The field of ancient Eastern, Egy…

The oral character of Bible translation among Spanish Jews and the didactic purpose of these translations resulted in a style dominated by the principle of syntagmatic literalism, that is, hispanizing of all words of the Hebrew source, while attempting to maintain Hebrew syntax, morphology, and meaning. Bible translations from Hebrew into Spanish-Romance ( biblias romanceadas) are divided into two groups: Judeo-Christian versions ( biblias judeocristianas) and Jewish versions ( biblias judías) (Llamas 1950). 1. Judeo-Christian Versions Ten of the fourteen surviving tran…

Hebraisms in Arabic versions of the Bible result from the interference of the Hebrew source text in the translational language. They consist of a transfer of characteristic linguistic features from the source language to that of the target language, in which they are, by definition, unidiomatic, alien, or artificial. Manifestations of this interference can be seen in the fields of syntax, lexicon, and morphology. Given the relative closeness of the two languages, they occur abundantly and play a…

Foundational Myth: The Book of Mormon 1. a) The Mormon Church (official name: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), founded on April 6, 1830 in New York State, can be regarded as a part of the Second Great Awakening movement in the United States. Its founder, Joseph Smith (1805–1844), claimed to have been visited for the first time in 1823 by the angel Moroni, who spoke to him of the “Golden Tablets.” These, Smith averred, contained the message of the Bible in all its length and perfection. Smith indicated this message in the Book of Mormon, which, along with the Bible, became the …

Cain, as personal name Names of People: Biblical Hebrew Cain, Horst Polynesian Languages, Hebrew Loanwords in Cairo Codex of the Prophets Masora, Tiberian Cairo Damascus (CD) see Damuscus Document Cairo Genizah  Arabic vocabulary lists in Arabic Bible Translations  Bible fragments in Manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible in the Middle Ages   in Arabic Arabic Bible Translations   with Babylonian accentuation Exceptive Construction, Vocalization, Babylonian   transcription into Arabic Transcription into Arabic Script: Medieval Muslim Sources  Book of Ben Sira manuscripts in…

1. American Puritan Hebraism Against the Puritan Old Testament background of American religious life, New England intellectuals and scholars were eager to study the Bible, both in translation and in the Hebrew original. The Pilgrims’ engagement with Hebrew and biblical studies began long before they reached New England. Some of them had studied Hebrew with Continental European scholars, especially in the Low Countries; others embarked on the study of Hebrew and the Bible through the use of Buxtorf’s dictionaries and other study aids. Two Hebraists, William Bradford and William…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 25: The U…

Part of 2 Baruch/Jeremiah - 2.2 2 Baruch/Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch 2.2.1.1 Introduction 2.2.1.1.1 TitleIn the only complete copy of 2 Baruch (preserved in manuscript S7a1, the famous Codex Ambrosianus), the title of the composition is “The Book of the Apocalypse of Baruch, the son of Neriah” (ܟܬܒܐ ܕܓܠܝܢܗ ܕܒܪܘܟ ܒܪ ܢܪܝܐ). It is debated whether this is the original title of the work or whether it was prefixed by a scribe. The latter is more likely. The genre label “apocalypse” is unattested before Rev 1:1, and even there it still functions as a…

Volume III: Private International Law | Chapter 33 (1980): Intentional Torts Completed in September 1977 Stig Strömholm A. The Problem Stated 3. According to the theoretical pattern which still prevails in most countries1 a court confronted with an action sounding in tort, i.e., which for all practical purposes has been characterised as such according to the law of that court, selects the legal system which is said to “govern” the action, the lex causae. It then “applies” the rules of that system to the facts of the case. However, the decisions as reported do not alw…

Section in Chapter 8: Expansion and Dipl…

In medieval Iberia the Jews used Hebrew, and to a lesser degree Aramaic, as their primary languages of liturgy, high-level rabbinical writing, and communal record-keeping. In Muslim Spain they commonly spoke and wrote Judeo-Arabic. Perhaps from as early as the 11th century, as parts of Iberia under Muslim domination were retaken by Ibero-Romance-speaking Christians, Judeo-Arabic-speaking Jews in those regions judaized the Ibero-Romance—primarily Castilian—they had adopted as their everyday langu…

h/ḥ (het/ḥet) Guttural Consonants: Pre-Masoretic, Guttural Consonants: Masoretic Hebrew  accentuation/vowel sign Biblical Accents: Babylonian, Exceptive Construction, Orthography: Rabbinic Hebrew, Orthography: Modern Hebrew, Orthography: Epigraphy  pronunciation of Ashkenazi Pronunciation Tradition: Medieval, Biblical Hebrew: Pronunciation Traditions, Bne Hes and Bne Ḵes, Guttural Consonants: Masoretic Hebrew, Guttural Consonants: Modern Hebrew, Inflection, Hypercorrection, Italy, Pronunciation Traditions, Judeo-Arabi…

Part of 1 Overview Articles - 1.1 The Canonical Histories of the Deuterocanonical Texts1.1.4.1 IntroductionThe place of the deuterocanonical books in the Latin Bible generated disagreement from Antiquity to the period of the Protestant Reformation. Nearly all Latin writers esteemed these books as useful and edifying Christian literature, but some writers disputed their canonicity while others affirmed it. Manuscripts of the Latin Bible also exhibit diverse practices with regard to these books. Throughout the …

The Jewish communities of medieval Spain were among the most productive and influential in Europe. Documents preserved from those communities demonstrate that Iberian Jews employed numerous Hebraisms in their Ibero-Romance vernaculars, at least in writing. Among their descendants, the written as well as oral use of Hebraisms is widely documented in the Judezmo (Judeo-Spanish) of the Ottoman Empire and Ḥaketía of North Africa into the modern era. And yet, unlike the Hebraisms employed in the lang…

previous chapter | German edition | next chapter | contents Margaret Bendroth Nineteenth-century North America opened a new chapter in the history of Christianity. For the continent as a whole, the century was one wave after another of extraordinary developments: a massive population influx from Europe, the epic and often violent conquest of frontiers, and a vigorous, freewheeling form of economic capitalism. It was also during this time that both the United States and Canada grew from European settlements …

r (resh) Guttural Consonants: Pre-Masoretic, Guttural Consonants: Masoretic Hebrew  apical, use of Modern Hebrew: Language Varieties  in Babylonian tradition Vocalization, Babylonian  Masoretic treatises on Masoretic Treatises  pronunciation of Italy, Pronunciation Traditions, Morocco, Pronunciation Traditions, Phonology: Biblical Hebrew, Resh: Pre-Modern Hebrew, Resh: Modern Hebrew, Tiberian Reading Tradition  and syllable structure Syllable Structure: Biblical Hebrew, Tiberian Reading Tradition Rabad of Posquieres Education: Medieval Period Raban, Ze’ev …

Part of 17 Esther17.1.1 History of ResearchResearch on the book of Esther was primarily done on mt (17.2.2). The publication in 1655 of a second Greek text, the so-called Lucianic Text, Alpha Text, or A Text,1 however, led to a substantial change in scholarship, albeit at a much later time (13–17.1.1.5).With regard to the Hebrew text of the book of Esther, as early as 1793, Michaelis2 questioned the originality of the last sections of the book of Esther, Esth 9:17–32 and 10:1–3, ascribing them to a different hand.3 From Bertheau onwards, however, the interpolated verses were consi…

s phonemes  pronunciation of Bne Hes and Bne Ḵes, Graphophonemic Assignment, Morocco, Pronunciation Traditions, Phonology: Biblical Hebrew   in German/Yiddish Ashkenazi Pronunciation Tradition: Medieval   in Samaritan Hebrew Samaritan Hebrew: Biblical  writing of   in Biblical Hebrew Orthography: Biblical Hebrew   in Epigraphic Hebrew Orthography: Biblical Hebrew   in Modern Hebrew Orthography: Modern Hebrew   see also samekh ; śin/šin Sa˓adia Gaon Grammatical Thought in Medieval Jewish Exegesis in Europe, Hebraisms in Arabic Versions of the Hebrew…